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1.
Arch. endocrinol. metab. (Online) ; 63(6): 549-556, Nov.-Dec. 2019. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1055020

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Growth hormone (GH) is best known for its effect stimulating tissue and somatic growth through the regulation of cell division, regeneration and proliferation. However, GH-responsive neurons are spread over the entire central nervous system, suggesting that they have important roles in the brain. The objective of the present review is to summarize and discuss the potential physiological importance of GH action in the central nervous system. We provide evidence that GH signaling in the brain regulates the physiology of numerous functions such as cognition, behavior, neuroendocrine changes and metabolism. Data obtained from experimental animal models have shown that disruptions in GH signaling in specific neuronal populations can affect the reproductive axis and impair food intake during glucoprivic conditions, neuroendocrine adaptions during food restriction, and counter-regulatory responses to hypoglycemia, and they can modify gestational metabolic adaptions. Therefore, the brain is an important target tissue of GH, and changes in GH action in the central nervous system can explain some dysfunctions presented by individuals with excessive or deficient GH secretion. Furthermore, GH acts in specific neuronal populations during situations of metabolic stress to promote appropriate physiological adjustments that restore homeostasis. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2019;63(6):549-56


Subject(s)
Humans , Brain/metabolism , Neuroprotective Agents/metabolism , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Metabolic Networks and Pathways/physiology , Signal Transduction , Nerve Regeneration/physiology
2.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 78(2): 131-133, abr. 2018. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-954963

ABSTRACT

La diabetes mellitus ocurre en cerca del 10% de los pacientes con acromegalia y es secundaria a la insulino resistencia causada por altos niveles de hormona de crecimiento. La cetoacidosis diabética ha sido descripta como una rara complicación de la acromegalia, resultado de una relativa deficiencia de insulina causada por exceso de hormona de crecimiento. Describimos el caso de un hombre de 38 años de edad que se presentó en el servicio de emergencias con historia de polifagia, polidispsia y poliuria con pérdida de peso de 6 semanas de evolución. Agregó en las últimas 48 horas náuseas, vómitos y dolor abdominal. A su ingreso, la glucosa plasmática fue 880 mg/dl, osmolaridad plasmática 368 mOsm/l, pH arterial 7.06 y bicarbonato plasmático 8.6 mEq/l. No tenía antecedentes personales ni familiares de diabetes. No se encontraron causas precipitantes de cetoacidosis. En el examen clínico presentaba características compatibles con acromegalia. La resonancia magnética nuclear mostró un macroadenoma pituitario y los dosajes de hormona de crecimiento fueron elevados. Luego de la resección del tumor, los niveles de glucosa plasmáticos resultaron normales. Este caso mostró la rara asociación de acromegalia con cetoacidosis diabética. La cirugía fue la modalidad definitiva de tratamiento.


Diabetes mellitus occurs in nearly 10% of patients with acromegaly and is secondary to insulin resistance caused by high levels of growth hormone. Diabetes ketoacidosis has been described as a rare complication of acromegaly, resulting from a relative insulin deficiency caused by growth hormone excess. We described the case of a 38 year-old man who presented to the emergency room with a 6-week history of polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and weight loss. He also had nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain from two days before admission. His plasma glucose level was 880 mg/dl, plasma osmolarity 368 mOsm/l, arterial pH 7.06 and serum bicarbonate 8.6 mEq/l. At the clinical examination, he had features of acromegaly. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a pituitary macro adenoma and growth hormone dosages were abnormally high. After tumor removal, plasma glucose levels became normal. This case shows the rare association between diabetic ketoacidosis and acromegaly. Surgery, in this case, was the definite modality of treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Acromegaly/complications , Diabetic Ketoacidosis/etiology , Acromegaly/diagnosis , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Diabetic Ketoacidosis/diagnosis , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism
3.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 88(1): 119-127, 2017. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-844589

ABSTRACT

El retraso del crecimiento de los niños con enfermedad renal crónica es de origen multifactorial, incluyendo la resistencia a hormona de crecimiento (GH) y alteraciones en el metabolismo mineral óseo. Objetivos: 1) Caracterizar marcadores del metabolismo mineral: FGF23-Klotho y del eje somatotrópico: IGF1, IGFBP3 y GHBP, en niños en diálisis peritoneal (DP); 2) Evaluar la evolución de la talla en aquellos pacientes tratados con rhGH. Pacientes y Método: Niños prepuberales en DP seguidos durante 12 meses. Criterios exclusión fueron Tanner > 1, síndrome nefrótico activo, tratamiento esteroidal, malabsorción gastrointestinal, enfermedades endocrinas, síndromes genéticos, uso de rhGH al ingreso del estudio. Se evaluaron variables demográficas, antropométricas: Z talla/edad, (ZT/E), velocidad de crecimiento (VC), bioquímicas (calcio, fósforo, PTH), marcadores del metabolismo mineral (25OHvitD, 1,25OHvitD, FGF23, Klotho), y de crecimiento (IGF-1, IGFBP-3, GHBP). Resultados: Quince pacientes, 7 varones, edad 6,9 ± 3,0 años, tiempo en DP 14,33 ± 12,26 meses. Puntaje ZT/E al mes 1= -1,69 ± 1,03. FGF23: 131,7 ± 279,4 y Klotho: 125,9 ± 24,2 pg/ml. Durante los 12 meses de seguimiento no hubo diferencia significativa en el promedio de las variables. El uso de rhGH en 8 pacientes no mostró mejoría significativa del ZT/E ni la VC. El análisis bivariado mostró correlación positiva entre niveles de Klotho y delta ZT/E, y entre GHBP y VC (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Los valores de FGF23 se encuentran elevados y los de Klotho disminuidos en niños con enfermedad renal crónica en DP en comparación con niños sanos. Las variables de eje somatotrópico, se encuentran normales o elevadas. rhGH tiende a mejorar la talla y GHBP se correlaciona positivamente con VC en estos niños.


Growth failure is one of the most relevant complications in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Among others, growth hormone (GH) resistance and bone mineral disorders have been identified as the most important causes of growth retardation. Objectives: 1. To characterize bone mineral metabolism and growth hormone bio-markers in CKD children treated with chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD). 2. To evaluate height change with rhGH treatment. Patients and Method: A longitudinal 12-month follow-up in prepuberal PD children. Exclusion criteria: Tanner stage >1, nephrotic syndrome, genetic disorders, steroids, intestinal absorption disorders, endocrine disturbances, treatment with GH to the entry of the study. Demographic and anthropometric data were registered. FGF23, Klotho, VitD, IGF-1, IGFBP3, and GHBP were measured to evaluate mineral and growth metabolism. Results: 15 patients, 7 male, age 6.9 ± 3.0 y were included. Time on PD was 14.33 ± 12.26 months. Height/age Z score at month 1 was -1.69 ± 1.03. FGF23 and Klotho: 131.7 ± 279.4 y 125.9 ± 24.2 pg/ml, respectively. 8 patients were treated with GH during 6-12 months, showing a non-significant increase in height/age Z-score during the treatment period. Bivariate analysis showed a positive correlation between Klotho and delta ZT/E, and between GHBP vs growth velocity index (p < .05). Conclusions: FGF23 values were high and Klotho values were reduced in children with CKD in PD, comparing to healthy children. Somatotropic axis variables were normal or elevated. rhGH tends to improve height and there is a positive correlation of GHBP and growth velocity in these children.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Peritoneal Dialysis/methods , Human Growth Hormone/administration & dosage , Growth Disorders/etiology , Minerals/metabolism , Time Factors , Body Height/drug effects , Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage , Bone Density/drug effects , Case-Control Studies , Prospective Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Longitudinal Studies , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy , Growth Disorders/drug therapy
4.
Brasília; CONITEC; 2012. tab, ilus.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS, BRISA | ID: biblio-859325

ABSTRACT

CONTEXTO: A acromegalia é uma doença rara, debilitante e desfigurante, decorrente do excesso de produção do hormônio do crescimento (GH) e, consequentemente, do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina (insulin-like growth factor I - IGF-I), que leva a um crescimento excessivo do esqueleto e dos tecidos moles. Está associada com um aumento da mortalidade e redução da qualidade de vida dos pacientes. A acromegalia está associada com um aumento da mortalidade e redução da qualidade de vida. A morbidade e mortalidade da doença estão correlacionadas com os níveis de GH e, desta forma, a utilização de terapias eficientes é importante. O tratamento pode ser feito por meio de cirurgia, radioterapia ou uso de medicamentos. É chamado de tratamento primário aquele usado como primeiro tratamento (em geral com o intuito de controlar a doença em longo prazo). O tratamento secundário tem como objetivo o controle da doença naqueles pacientes não compensados após realização de tratamento primário. A TECNOLOGIA: Tipo: medicamento. Nome do princípio ativo: Acetato de Lanreotida. EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Além da análise dos estudos apresentados pelo demandante, a Secretaria-Executiva da CONITEC realizou busca na literatura por artigos científicos, com o objetivo de encontrar Revisões Sistemáticas e Ensaios Clínicos Randomizados (ECR), considerados a melhor evidência para avaliar a eficácia de uma tecnologia usada para tratamento. As bases pesquisadas foram Medline® (via PubMed), The Cochrane Library (via Bireme) e CRD (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination). Os termos utilizados na busca foram "lanreotida ND acromegaly" oram considerados os estudos ublicados até o dia 26/06/2012, nos idiomas inglês, português ou espanhol. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: Foram enviadas 08 contribuições à consulta pública realizada no período de 13/08/2018 a 22/08/2012: 06 provenientes de empresas, 02 de instituição de saúde/hospital e 01, de instituição de ensino. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros da CONITEC presentes na 8ª reunião do plenário do dia 06/09/2012, por unanimidade, ratificaram a decisão de recomendar a incorporação no Sistema Único de Saúde da lanreotida autogel para o tratamento da acromegalia, conforme Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) do Ministério da Saúde. DECISÃO: PORTARIA SCTIE-MS N.º 45, de 23 de outubro de 2012 - Torna pública a decisão de incorporar o medicamento acetato de lanreotida para o tratamento da acromegalia no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).


Subject(s)
Humans , Acromegaly/drug therapy , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Somatostatin/administration & dosage , Somatostatin/analogs & derivatives , Brazil , Cost-Benefit Analysis/economics , Technology Assessment, Biomedical
5.
Journal of Korean Medical Science ; : 177-183, 2012.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-156437

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of diabetes and to study the effects of excess growth hormone (GH) on insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in Korean acromegalic patients. One hundred and eighty-four acromegalic patients were analyzed to assess the prevalence of diabetes, and 52 naive acromegalic patients were enrolled in order to analyze insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. Patients underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test with measurements of GH, glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels. The insulin sensitivity index and beta-cell function index were calculated and compared according to glucose status. Changes in the insulin sensitivity index and beta-cell function index were evaluated one to two months after surgery. Of the 184 patients, 17.4% were in the normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group, 45.1% were in the pre-diabetic group and 37.5% were in the diabetic group. The insulin sensitivity index (ISI0,120) was significantly higher and the HOMA-IR was lower in the NGT compared to the diabetic group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.037, respectively). The ISI0,120 and disposition index were significantly improved after tumor resection. Our findings suggest that both insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function are improved by tumor resection in acromegalic patients.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Acromegaly/diagnosis , Asian People , Blood Glucose/analysis , C-Peptide/analysis , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Glucose Tolerance Test , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Insulin/blood , Insulin Resistance , Insulin-Secreting Cells/cytology , Prediabetic State/epidemiology , Republic of Korea
6.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 55(8): 653-660, nov. 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-610469

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To analyze traits of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in medulloblastoma survivors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixteen childhood medulloblastoma survivors aged 18.0 (4.4) years, with history of craniospinal radiation therapy (RT) were compared with nine control subjects matched by age, gender, and body mass index, according to fat distribution, metabolic and cardiovascular variables. RESULTS: Medulloblastoma patients showed increases in waist circum-ference and its relationships (all p < 0.05), and HOMA1-IR (p = 0.006), which were modified by growth hormone (GH) secretion status. However, these increases were within normal range. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent and young adult survivors of medulloblastoma showed centripetal fat deposition and decreased insulin sensitivity, associated with GH status. Pediatric brain tumor survivors following RT should be monitored for the diagnosis of MetS traits predisposing to cardiovascular disease.


OBJETIVO: Analisar características que predispõem para síndrome metabólica (SM) em sobreviventes de meduloblastoma. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Dezesseis sobreviventes de meduloblastoma pediátrico, 18,0 (4,4) anos, história de radioterapia (RT) cranioespinhal, comparados a nove controles pareados por idade, sexo e índice de massa corporal, de acordo com distribuição de gordura, variáveis metabólicas e cardiovasculares. RESULTADOS: Pacientes com meduloblastoma mostraram aumento da cintura e relações (todos p < 0,05) e HOMA1-IR (p = 0,006), modificados pela secreção do hormônio de crescimento (GH), mas dentro dos limites de normalidade. CONCLUSÕES: Sobreviventes adolescentes e adultos jovens de meduloblastoma apresentaram deposição centrípeta de gordura e diminuição da sensibilidade à insulina, associados ao estado do GH. Sobreviventes de tumor cerebral pediátrico que receberam RT devem ser monitorados para diagnosticar fatores para SM predispondo à doença cardiovascular.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Adiposity , Brain Neoplasms/complications , Cranial Irradiation/adverse effects , Insulin Resistance , Medulloblastoma/complications , Metabolic Syndrome/etiology , Brain Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Epidemiologic Methods , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Medulloblastoma/radiotherapy , Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis , Survivors , Treatment Outcome
7.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 70(4): 328-332, ago. 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-633761

ABSTRACT

La acromegalia es una enfermedad poco frecuente producida en más del 95% de los casos por un tumor hipofisario secretor de hormona de crecimiento (GH). Las manifestaciones clínicas están asociadas a síntomas locales por crecimiento del tumor o a las consecuencias orgánicas y metabólicas secundarias a la hipersecreción de GH. Debido a la alta morbilidad y mortalidad asociadas a la acromegalia, un tratamiento individualizado y optimizado para cada paciente es fundamental. Informamos el enfoque terapéutico de nuestro servicio de endocrinología en la atención de 154 pacientes con acromegalia. Utilizando criterios bioquímicos estrictos, con la cirugía logramos un 32% de remisión global, tasa relativamente baja debido fundamentalmente a que la mayor parte de los pacientes presentaban macroadenomas con un alto porcentaje de invasividad local. Con radioterapia complementaria o como tratamiento inicial se logró la remisión en el 65.4% de los pacientes irradiados. El 14.0% de los pacientes controlaron la enfermedad utilizando agonistas dopaminérgicos solos o combinados con otra droga, mientras que aquellos que utilizaron análogos de la somatostatina normalizaron los parámetros bioquímicos en un 45.7% de los casos. En conclusión, con los diferentes tratamientos utilizados obtuvimos el control de la acromegalia en el 55.2% de los casos, esperando optimizar el tratamiento de estos pacientes en la medida en que contemos con y tengamos acceso a nuevas herramientas terapéuticas.


Acromegaly is a chronic, invalidating disease due in over 95% of cases to a growth hormone (GH) secreting pituitary adenoma. Its clinical manifestations are associated to local complications related to the tumor growth and/or to the metabolic consequences of GH excess. We report here our experience on 154 acromegalic patients. Surgical remission rate using stringent biochemical criteria was 32%, a figure relatively low due to the great number of patients bearing macroadenomas with invasive complications. Primary or adjuvant radiotherapy was able to obtain normalization of biochemical parameters in as much as 65.4% of treated patients. In only 14.0% of acromegalics drug therapy with dopaminergic agents was effective in controlling the disease. By contrast, somatostatinergic analogues were more effective, obtaining a clinical and biochemical remission in 45.7% of the patients. In summary, multimodal therapy of acromegaly can lead to a global safe control of the disease in 55.2% of the cases. The ongoing development of new drugs represents promising alternatives in the management of this disabling condition.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Acromegaly/therapy , Acromegaly/surgery , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Retrospective Studies
8.
RBCF, Rev. bras. ciênc. farm. (Impr.) ; 44(4): 549-562, out.-dez. 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-507907

ABSTRACT

Embora o hormônio do crescimento (GH) seja um dos hormônios mais estudados, vários de seus aspectos fisiológicos ainda não estão integralmente esclarecidos, incluindo sua relação com o exercício físico. Estudos mais recentes têm aumentado o conhecimento a respeito dos mecanismos de ação do GH, podendo ser divididos em: 1) ações diretas, mediadas pela rede de sinalizações intracelulares, desencadeadas pela ligação do GH ao seu receptor na membrana plasmática; e 2) ações indiretas, mediadas principalmente pela regulação da síntese dos fatores de crescimento semelhantes à insulina (IGF). Tem sido demonstrado que o exercício físico é um potente estimulador da liberação do GH. A magnitude deste aumento sofre influência de diversos fatores, em especial, da intensidade e do volume do exercício, além do estado de treinamento. Atletas, normalmente, apresentam menor liberação de GH induzida pelo exercício que indivíduos sedentários ou pouco treinados. Evidências experimentais demonstram que o GH: 1) favorece a mobilização de ácidos graxos livres do tecido adiposo para geração de energia; 2) aumenta a capacidade de oxidação de gordura e 3) aumenta o gasto energético.


Although growth hormone (GH) is one of the most extensively studied hormones, various aspects related to this hormone have not been completely established, including its relationship with physical exercise. Recent studies have contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms of action of GH, which can be divided into 1) direct actions mediated by intracellular signals that are triggered by the binding of GH to its receptor on the plasma membrane, and 2) indirect actions mediated mainly by the regulation of the synthesis of insulin-like growth factors (IGF). Physical exercise has been shown to be a potent stimulator of GH release, especially in young men and women. The magnitude of this increase is influenced by several factors, especially the intensity and volume of exercise, in addition to training status. In this respect, athletes normally present a lower exercise-induced GH release than sedentary or poorly trained individuals. Experimental evidence indicates that GH may 1) favor the mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue for energy generation, 2) increase the capacity of fat oxidation, and 3) increase energy expenditure.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Exercise , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Lipolysis , Protein Biosynthesis , Biologic Oxidation , Catecholamines/chemistry
9.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 52(5): 745-749, jul. 2008.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-491840

ABSTRACT

Este artigo descreve as conseqüências puras, em longo prazo, da deficiência isolada e vitalícia do hormônio de crescimento (GH) porque usa um modelo único de resistência ao hormônio liberador do GH (GHRH), em virtude da mutação homozigótica no gene do receptor do GHRH, em uma centena de indivíduos acometidos. Elas incluem baixa estatura grave com estatura final entre -9,6 a -5,2 desvios-padrão abaixo da média, com redução proporcional das dimensões ósseas, redução do volume da adenohipófise corrigido para o volume craniano e da tireóide, do útero, do baço e da massa ventricular esquerda, todos corrigidos para a superfície corporal, em contraste com o tamanho de pâncreas e fígado, maior que o de controles, quando igualmente corrigidos. As alterações características da composição corporal incluem redução acentuada da quantidade de massa magra (kg) e aumento do percentual de gordura com depósito predominante no abdome. Nos aspectos metabólicos são encontrados aumento de colesterol total e LDL, redução de insulina e do índice de resistência à insulina homeostasis model assessment, acompanhados de aumento da proteína C reativa de alta sensibilidade e da elevação da pressão arterial sistólica nos adultos, embora sem evidências de aterosclerose precoce. Outros achados incluem resistência óssea menor, embora acima do limiar de fraturas, puberdade atrasada, fertilidade normal, paridade diminuída, climatério antecipado e qualidade de vida normal.


This article describes the long time consequences of the isolated and lifetime growth hormone (GH) deficiency using a single model of GH releasing hormone resistance (GHRH) due to a homozygous mutation in the GHRH receptor gene, in a hundred of subjects. These consequences include severe short stature with final height between -9.6 and -5.2 standard deviations below of the mean, with proportional reductions of the bone dimensions; reduction of the anterior pituitary corrected to cranial volume and the thyroid, the uterus, the spleen and left ventricular mass volume, all corrected to body surface, in contrast of pancreas and liver size, bigger than in controls, when equally corrected. Body composition features included marked reduction in the amount of fat free mass (kg) and increase of fat mass percentage, with predominant abdominal deposit. In the metabolic aspects, we find increase in the total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol; reduction of the insulin and the insulin resistance assessed by Homeostasis model assessment; increase of ultra sensitive C reactive protein and systolic body pressure in adults, although without evidences of premature atherosclerosis. Other findings include smaller bone resistance, although above of the threshold of fractures, delayed puberty, normal fertility, small parity, anticipated climacteric and normal quality of life.


Subject(s)
Humans , Growth Disorders/genetics , Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/genetics , Human Growth Hormone/deficiency , Body Composition , Cholesterol, LDL/metabolism , Growth Disorders/drug therapy , Growth Disorders/metabolism , Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/metabolism , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Human Growth Hormone/therapeutic use , Lipid Metabolism , Mutation , Time Factors
10.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 52(5): 783-791, jul. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-491845

ABSTRACT

O atraso no crescimento é freqüente e grave em crianças com doença renal crônica (DRC). Vários fatores contribuem para o comprometimento do crescimento nestas crianças, incluindo as alterações no eixo hormônio de crescimento (GH) - insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), desnutrição, acidose, doença renal óssea e uso de corticóides. Em crianças com DRC, o tratamento do atraso no crescimento é difícil em virtude da presença de doenças associadas que necessitem de adequado tratamento médico. Apesar de as evidências a respeito da segurança e de a eficácia do GH nesta população, este tratamento ainda é pouco utilizado. Esta revisão mostra o impacto, as causas e o tratamento do atraso no crescimento em crianças com DRC.


Growth failure is frequent and a clinically important issue in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Many factors contribute to impaired growth in these children, including abnormalities in the growth hormone (GH) - insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis, malnutrition, acidosis, renal bone disease and glucocorticoid associated treatment. The management of growth failure in children with CKD is complicated by the presence of other-disease related complications requiring medical intervention. Despite evidence of GH efficacy and safety in this population, this therapy is still underutilized. This review shows the impact, the causes and the treatment of growth failure in children with CKD.


Subject(s)
Humans , Growth Disorders/drug therapy , Human Growth Hormone/therapeutic use , Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/adverse effects , Body Height/drug effects , Growth Disorders/physiopathology , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
11.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 52(5): 818-832, jul. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-491849

ABSTRACT

As primeiras descrições da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (Aids) associavam-se à síndrome de emaciamento, e os distúrbios metabólicos às alterações na composição corporal. Após a introdução da terapia anti-retroviral altamente ativa (HAART), houve declínio na desnutrição, e surge a lipodistrofia como importante distúrbio metabólico. A Aids também se caracteriza por distúrbios hormonais, principalmente no eixo hormônio de crescimento/fator de crescimento insulina-like tipo 1 (GH/IGF-1). O uso do GH recombinante humano (hrGH) foi inicialmente indicado na síndrome de emaciamento, a fim de aumentar a massa muscular. Embora também não existam dúvidas quanto aos efeitos do hrGH na lipodistrofia, a diminuição na sensibilidade à insulina limita o seu uso, o qual ainda não está oficialmente aprovado. A diversidade nos esquemas de tratamento é outro limitante do uso dessa medicação em pacientes com Aids. Esta revisão apresenta os principais distúrbios endócrino-metabólicos associados à Aids e ao uso do hrGH nessas condições.


Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Aids) was initially related to HIV-associated wasting syndrome, and its metabolic disturbances to altered body composition. After Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) was started, malnutrition has declined and HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome has emerged as an important metabolic disorder. Aids is also characterized by hormonal disturbances, principally in growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 (GH/IGF-1) axis. The use of recombinant human GH (hrGH) was formerly indicated to treat wasting syndrome, in order to increase lean body mass. Even though the use of hrGH in lipodystrophy syndrome has been considered, the decrease in insulin sensitivity is a limitation for its use, which has not been officially approved yet. Diversity in therapeutic regimen is another limitation to its use in Aids patients. The present study has reviewed the main HIV-related endocrine-metabolic disorders as well as the use of hrGH in such conditions.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Humans , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , HIV Wasting Syndrome/drug therapy , HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome/drug therapy , Human Growth Hormone/therapeutic use , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/adverse effects , HIV Wasting Syndrome/complications , HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome/complications , Human Growth Hormone/adverse effects , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
12.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 52(5): 833-838, jul. 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-491850

ABSTRACT

A síndrome de Prader-Willi (PWS), com prevalência de 60:1.000.000, é o resultado da perda de parte do cromossomo 15 paterno, em razão da deleção em 56 por cento dos casos, dissomia uniparental materna em 24 por cento dos casos, ou por causa da metilação, fenômeno epigenético, em 18 por cento dos casos. O quadro clínico inicia-se com profunda hipotonia que, especialmente no primeiro ano de vida, torna difícil a alimentação da criança. Conforme melhora a hipotonia, nos primeiros dois anos, por volta do quarto ano de vida, um apetite insaciável advém, o que leva tais crianças à obesidade extrema, com hipoventilação alveolar que põe em risco sua sobrevivência. Dessa forma, paradoxalmente, a PWS ameaça a vida dos pacientes, em um primeiro momento, por inanição e, em uma fase posterior, pelo excesso de peso. O uso de hormônio de crescimento (hrGH) nessas crianças tem por objetivo primário a mudança da composição corpórea e a melhora da atividade física e da qualidade de vida. Por outro lado, muitos pacientes com PWS são, de fato, deficientes em GH, ocorrendo melhora no padrão de crescimento com o tratamento. Tem-se de ser cuidadoso, no entanto, ao iniciar o tratamento com hrGH, com zelosa avaliação da apnéia do sono (polissonografia) e da permeabilidade das vias aéreas, tendo em vista que o tratamento com hrGH pode piorar o padrão respiratório em alguns pacientes.


Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), with a prevalence of 60:1.000.000, results from the loss of paternal chromosome 15, being 56 percent due to deletion, 24 percent due to uniparental maternal disomy, and 18 percent from methylation, an epigenetic phenomenon. The clinical picture begins with extreme muscular hypotonia, which makes it difficult to feed the child in the first year. As the hypotonia improves, usually in the first two years, around the 4th year of life, an insatiable appetite leads these children to an extreme obesity, with alveolar hypoventilation which endangers their lives. So, paradoxically, PWS threatens the lives of the patients, through inanition in a first phase and, afterwards, through excessive weight gain. The use of growth hormone (hrGH) in these children has a primary goal to change the body composition and improve the physical activity and the quality of life. On the other hand, many PWS patients are indeed GH deficient, and an improvement in the height SDS occurs with treatment. We have to be careful, however. When starting a PWS treatment with a patient on hrGH, a careful evaluation of sleep apnoea (polysomnography) as well as a careful examination of the airways is extremely mandatory, since the treatment may compromise the respiratory pattern of some patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Human Growth Hormone/therapeutic use , Prader-Willi Syndrome/drug therapy , Growth/drug effects , Human Growth Hormone/adverse effects , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Hypogonadism/complications , Muscle Hypotonia/complications , Prader-Willi Syndrome/metabolism , Sleep Apnea Syndromes/complications
13.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 52(5): 901-916, jul. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-491857

ABSTRACT

O tratamento do hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico na mulher adulta com hipopituitarismo inclui diversas alternativas terapêuticas de estrógenos e progestágenos, sendo a via oral a de menor custo e a de maior comodidade à paciente. A rota estrogênica oral, entretanto, exerce marcada influência sobre o eixo hormônio de crescimento/fator de crescimento insulina-símile número 1 (GH/IGF-1) nessas mulheres. O tratamento com estrógenos orais, concomitante ao uso de GH em pacientes com hipopituitarismo, antagoniza as ações biológicas do GH e agrava as anormalidades de composição corporal e o metabolismo em geral. Presume-se que o estrógeno oral iniba a secreção/produção de IGF-1 por meio de efeito de primeira passagem hepática, causando aumento da secreção de GH por intermédio de inibição do feedback negativo de IGF-1 em mulheres normais. Isso é demonstrado clinicamente por redução da massa magra, aumento da massa gorda, perfil lipídico aterogênico e prejuízo do bem-estar psicológico. Alguns estudos apontam que os progestágenos com ação androgênica revertem o efeito de diminuição dos níveis séricos de IGF-1 induzida pelos estrógenos orais. Os progestágenos neutros não apresentam esse efeito, porém, quanto maior a potência androgênica, maior será a reversão do efeito de diminuição de IGF-1. Na presente revisão da literatura, serão abordados os aspectos clínicos da reposição com estrógenos e progestágenos nas mulheres com hipopituitarismo, suas interações nas outras deficiências hormonais, bem como o impacto do uso de estrógenos sobre as ações metabólicas do GH.


Treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in adult women with hypopituitarism can include a wide range of estrogen and progestogen treatment alternatives and oral administration is the route of least cost and greatest patient comfort. The oral estrogen route has a major impact on the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor I (GH/IGF-1) axis. Oral estrogen therapy, when given concurrently with GH to patients with hypopituitarism, antagonizes the biological effects of GH treatment and aggravates the abnormalities of body composition and the metabolism in general. It is presumed that oral estrogen suppresses the secretion/production of IGF-1 by a hepatic first-pass mechanism, resulting in increased GH secretion by means of suppressing the IGF-1 negative feedback that is present in healthy women. This is clinically manifested in reduced lean body mass, increased fat mass, an atherogenic lipid profile and damage to psychological well-being. Some studies have indicated that progestogens with androgenic actions reverse the effect of reduced serum IGF-1 levels that is induced by the oral estrogens. Neutral progestogens do not exert this effect, however the stronger the androgenic potentialis, the more the effect of reduced IGF-1 will be reversed. This bibliographical review will deal with the clinical aspects of estrogen and progestogen replacement in women with hypopituitarism, their interactions with other hormone deficiencies and the impact of estrogen treatment on the metabolic actions of GH.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Estrogen Replacement Therapy , Estrogens/therapeutic use , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Hypopituitarism/drug therapy , Progestins/therapeutic use , Body Composition/drug effects , Hypopituitarism/metabolism , Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins/metabolism , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
14.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 136(7): 831-836, jul. 2008. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-496002

ABSTRACT

Background: Growth hormone (GH) producing adenomas, frequently express several hormones. This condition could confer them a higher proliferative capacity. Ki-67 is a nuclear protein antigen that is a marker for proliferative activity. Aim: To measure the immunohistochemical hormone expression in pituitary adenomas, excised from patients with acromegaly. To determine if the pluríhormonal condition of these adenomas is associated with a higher proliferative capacity, assessed through the expression of Ki-67. Material and methods: Forty one paraffin embedded surgical samples of pituitary adenomas from patients with acromegalia were studied. Immunohistochemistry for GH, prolactin (PRL), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and for the expression of Ki-67 was carried out. Results: All samples were positive for GH. Twenty seven had positive staining for PRL, 12 had positive staining for glycoproteic hormones and 11 for PRL and one or more glycoproteic hormones. Mean staining for Ki-67 was Z.6±3.3 percent. There were no differences in the expression of this marker between mono or pluríhormonal tumors. The expression was neither associated with extrasellar extensión. Conclusions: Half of GH producing pituitary adenomas are pluríhormonal. There are no differences in the expression of Ki-67 between mono and plurihormonal adenomas.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Adenoma/metabolism , Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma/metabolism , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , /metabolism , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Pituitary Neoplasms/metabolism , Acromegaly/physiopathology , Acromegaly/surgery , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/analysis , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/analysis , Immunohistochemistry , Neoplasm Proteins/analysis , Prolactin/analysis , Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/analysis , Statistics, Nonparametric , Thyrotropin/analysis
15.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 66(4): 296-302, 2006. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-449018

ABSTRACT

We evaluated long-term replacement therapy outcomes in various subsets of patients with adult growth hormone (GH) deficiency (AGHD) as well as the patients' susceptibility to adverse events. Fifty-nine patients with AGHD were evaluated, 27 with childhood onset (CO) (18-44 years old, 12 females) and 32 with adult onset (AO) (27-70 years, 18 females). A significant improvement in HDL-cholesterol was observed in AGHD-AO males (basal: 41.3 +/- 12.9 mg/dl, intratreatment: 47.5 +/- 13.2 mg/dl, p = 0.009). However, individual analyses showed that total cholesterol decreased below 240 mg/dl in 33% of AGHD-CO patients and in 50% of AGHD-AO patients, and below 200 mg/dl in 67% of AGHD-CO patients and in 29% of AGHD-AO patients; in the AGHD-AO group, normalization of LDL-cholesterol (< or = 160 mg/dl) and triglycerides (< or = 200 mg/dl) was found in 100% and 50% of patients, respectively; the total cholesterol/HDL ratio decreased below 4.5 in 20% of AGHD-CO patients and in 25% of AGHD-AO patients. The cardiological evaluation showed a significant intra- and interindividual heterogeneity, but cardiac mass improved in patients with a baseline cardiac mass index below 60 g/m2. Markers of bone apposition increased significantly, while bone resorption markers were found to remain unchanged during treatment. A correlation was found between increased bone mineral content and lean body mass (p = 0.0009). Susceptibility to adverse events was not found to be dependent on gender or on the time of onset of the deficiency. Our findings would appear to confirm that a more severe metabolic impairment is correlated with a better therapeutic outcome.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Human Growth Hormone/deficiency , Human Growth Hormone/therapeutic use , Hormone Replacement Therapy/adverse effects , Age of Onset , Body Composition , Body Mass Index , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Epidemiologic Methods , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/analysis , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Biomarkers/blood , Sex Factors , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome , Waist-Hip Ratio
16.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 49(6): 964-970, dez. 2005. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-420170

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações de IGF-1, IGFBP-3, leptina e insulina após o uso de doses de reposição de hormônio de crescimento recombinante humano (rhGH) em crianças baixas pré-púberes com insuficiência renal crônica (IRC). CASUíSTICA E MÉTODOS: Em 11 crianças (3F:8M), com idade média de 9,6 anos, em uso de rhGH (0,23mg/Kg/semana) por 12 meses, foram dosados (antes, 6 e 12 meses após o início do tratamento com rhGH) leptina, insulina, glicemia, IGF-1 e IGFBP-3. RESULTADOS: As concentrações séricas de leptina, insulina e glicemia não variaram significativamente no decorrer do uso do rhGH, sendo observado o padrão de leptina e glicemia normais, com hiperinsulinemia. Houve aumento significativo da IGF-1 e IGFBP-3 durante o uso do rhGH. CONCLUSÕES: O uso de doses de reposição de rhGH durante 12 meses em um grupo selecionado de crianças com IRC propiciou aumento significativo da concentração sérica de IGF-1 e IGFBP-3, com leptinemia normal e resistência insulínica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Kidney Failure, Chronic/drug therapy , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/analysis , Hormone Replacement Therapy , Human Growth Hormone/therapeutic use , Leptin/blood , /blood , Body Composition , Electric Impedance , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Body Height/drug effects , Body Height/physiology , Kidney Failure, Chronic/blood , Kidney Failure, Chronic/physiopathology , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Insulin/blood , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time Factors
17.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2005 Feb; 72(2): 159-64
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-82200

ABSTRACT

Hypertransfusion and regular chelation therapy have allowed improved survival in patients with thalassemia major (TM). Despite medical advances, growth failure and hypogonadism remain significant clinical problems in these patients in adolescence. Disproportionate truncal shortening which is common especially among adolescents with thalassemia, is due to platyspondyly resulting from a combination of factors like hemosiderosis, desferrioxamine toxicity or deficiency of trace elements. Although growth hormone (GH) deficiency and GH neurosecretory dysfunction have been described in TM patients, most short TM patients have normal GH reserve. The low serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentrations in TM patients despite having normal GH reserve and serum GH binding protein levels suggest that a state of secondary GH insensitivity exists. The pubertal growth spurt may be impaired in TM patients going through spontaneous or induced puberty and may have a negative effect on final adult height. GH therapy in dosages ranging from 0.5-1.0 IU/kg/wk has resulted in a significant improvement in growth velocity in short TM children without any adverse effects on skeletal maturation, blood pressure, glucose tolerance and serum lipids. There is limited evidence that GH treatment can result in an improved final adult height in short TM children. Careful and regular clinical and biochemical monitoring should be preformed on these patients while they are treated with GH.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Body Height , Child , Female , Growth , Growth Disorders/drug therapy , Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/metabolism , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Humans , Hypogonadism/etiology , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism , Male , beta-Thalassemia/complications
18.
RBM rev. bras. med ; 58(9): 677-: 684-: 688-: passim-682, 686, 689, set. 2001.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-324131

ABSTRACT

O hormônio do crescimento (GH) é sintetizado e secretado pela adenoipófise atuando no metabolismo e no crescimento. Nesta abordagem säo enfocados vários aspectos do GH, sendo destacados seus controladores no hipotálamo, os caminhos de síntese e liberaçäo e papel no metabolismo e no crescimento associado às somatomedinas. O papel de outras substâncias endógenas e/ou exógenas, que pode alterar os mecanismos de açäo e funçäo do GH, o papel dos fatores de crescimento e suas proteínas transportadoras, os fatores ambientais, que podem almentar os ciclos do GH em pessoas normais, e de que modo o GH é controlado em algumas anomalias genéticas também säo evidenciados.(au)


Subject(s)
Humans , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Somatomedins , Achondroplasia , Diabetes Mellitus , Down Syndrome , Galanin , Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/metabolism , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I , Somatostatin , Turner Syndrome
19.
Acta cir. bras ; 16(3): 179-184, jul.-set. 2001.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-289324

ABSTRACT

No complexo processo de proliferaçäo celular, os hormônios agem de diferentes maneiras ao atingirem seus receptores nos tecidos-alvo. Os principais fatores ligados ao crescimento hepático säo HGF, TGF-alpha, IL-6, TNF-alpha, norepinefrina, EGF e insulina. O GH estimula tanto o fígado a produzir fatores de crescimento, como a expressäo genética do HGF e a síntese de DNA. Hormônios tireoideanos aumentam a capacidade proliferativa dos hepatócitos. A insulina age sinergicamente com GH e glucagon. Näo tem potencial mitogênico primário mas intensifica o estímulo regenerativo iniciado pela epinefrina e norepinefrina. Esta amplifica os sinais mitogênicos do EGF e HGF, induz a secreçäo de EGF e antagoniza os efeitos inibitórios do TGF-beta 1. O glucagon isoladamente näo produz efeitos mas provavelmente participa na síntese de DNA e da resposta homeostásica pela qual a glicemia é mantida estável durante a regeneraçäo. Também há indícios de açäo hepatotrófica da gastrina.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Hepatocyte Growth Factor/physiology , Liver Regeneration/physiology , Glucagon/pharmacokinetics , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Human Growth Hormone/pharmacokinetics , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Insulin/pharmacokinetics , Somatomedins/pharmacokinetics , Somatomedins/metabolism , Triiodothyronine/pharmacokinetics
20.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 44(5): 367-81, out. 2000. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-276095

ABSTRACT

O recente desenvolvimento de novas drogas, particularmente os análogos da somatostatina (SRIFa), representou um grande processo na terapia dos tumores hipofisários. Os SRIFa mostram-se bastante eficazes na normalizaçäo dos níveis de GH e IGH- 1 em acromegálicos e podem ser uma alternativa para a cirurgia transesfeinodal, mas seu uso como terapia primária da acromegalia fica limitado pelo pequeno efeito dessas drogas na reduçäo das dimensöes do tumor. Os resultados preliminares com os antagonistas do receptor de GH, como o pegvisomant, säo bastante animadores. Tais drogas permitem a normalizaçäo do IGF-1 e melhora clínica em mais de 80 por cento dos casos; entretanto, nao causam reduçäo tumoral. Agonistas dopaminérgicos (DA) represemtam a terapia de escolha para microprolactinonas sintomáticos e macroprolactinomas, permitindo normalizaçäo dos níveis da prolactina e reduçäo do volume do adenoma na maioria dos pacientes . Podem também ser eventualmente eficazes em acromegálicos, sobretudo naqueles com adenomas co-secretores de prolactina e níveis näo muito elevados de GH e IGF-1. Devido a sua maior eficácia e maior tolerabilidade, a carbegolina representa o DA de escolha para o manuseio dos prolactinomas e da acromegalia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adenoma/drug therapy , Human Growth Hormone/metabolism , Pituitary Neoplasms/drug therapy , Prolactinoma , Acromegaly/etiology , Adenoma/therapy , Dopamine Agonists/therapeutic use , Pituitary Neoplasms/complications , Pituitary Neoplasms/therapy , Somatostatin/analogs & derivatives , Somatostatin/therapeutic use
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